You get all kinds of happiness advice on the
internet from people who don’t know what they’re talking about. Don’t trust
them.
Actually, don’t trust me either. Trust
neuroscientists. They study that gray blob in your head all day and have
learned a lot about what truly will make you happy.
UCLA neuroscience researcher Alex Korb has
some insights that can create an upward spiral of happiness in your life.
Here’s what you and I can learn from the people who really have answers:
1) The Most Important Question To Ask When You Feel Down
Sometimes it
doesn’t feel like your brain wants you to be happy. You may feel guilty or
shameful. Why?
Believe it or not, guilt and shame activate
the brain’s reward center.
Despite their
differences, pride, shame, and guilt all activate similar neural circuits,
including the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, insula, and the nucleus
accumbens. Interestingly, pride is the most powerful of these emotions at
triggering activity in these regions — except in the nucleus accumbens, where
guilt and shame win out. This explains why it can be so appealing to heap guilt
and shame on ourselves — they’re activating the brain’s reward center.
And you worry a lot too. Why? In
the short term, worrying makes your brain feel a little better — at least
you’re doing something about
your problems.
In fact,
worrying can help calm the limbic system by increasing activity in the medial
prefrontal cortex and decreasing activity in the amygdala. That might seem
counterintuitive, but it just goes to show that if you’re feeling anxiety,
doing something about it — even worrying — is better than doing nothing.
But guilt, shame and worry are horrible
long-term solutions. So what do neuroscientists say you should do? Ask yourself
this question:
What am I grateful for?
Yeah, gratitude is awesome… but does it
really affect your brain at the biological level? Yup.
You know what the antidepressant
Wellbutrin does? Boosts the neurotransmitter dopamine. So does gratitude.
The benefits of
gratitude start with the dopamine system, because feeling grateful activates
the brain stem region that produces dopamine. Additionally, gratitude toward
others increases activity in social dopamine circuits, which makes social
interactions more enjoyable…
Know what Prozac does? Boosts the
neurotransmitter serotonin. So does gratitude.
One powerful
effect of gratitude is that it can boost serotonin. Trying to think of things
you are grateful for forces you to focus on the positive aspects of your life.
This simple act increases serotonin production in the anterior cingulate
cortex.
I know, sometimes life lands a really
mean punch in the gut and it feels like there’s nothing to be grateful
for. Guess what?
Doesn’t matter. You don’t have to find anything.
It’s the searching that
counts.
It’s not finding
gratitude that matters most; it’s remembering to look in the first place.
Remembering to be grateful is a form of emotional intelligence. One study found
that it actually affected neuron density in both the ventromedial and lateral
prefrontal cortex. These density changes suggest that as emotional intelligence
increases, the neurons in these areas become more efficient. With higher
emotional intelligence, it simply takes less effort to be grateful.
And gratitude doesn’t just make your
brain happy — it can also create a positive feedback loop in
your relationships. So express that gratitude to the people you care about.
(For more on how gratitude can make you
happier and more successful, click here.)
But what happens when bad feelings
completely overtake you? When you’re really in the dumps and don’t even know
how to deal with it? There’s an easy answer…
2) Label Negative
Feelings
You feel awful. Okay, give that
awfulness a name. Sad? Anxious? Angry?
Boom. It’s that simple. Sound stupid?
Your noggin disagrees.
…in one fMRI
study, appropriately titled “Putting Feelings into Words” participants viewed
pictures of people with emotional facial expressions. Predictably, each
participant’s amygdala activated to the emotions in the picture. But when they
were asked to name the emotion, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activated
and reduced the emotional amygdala reactivity. In other words, consciously
recognizing the emotions reduced their impact.
Suppressing emotions doesn’t work and
can backfire on you.
Gross found that
people who tried to suppress a negative emotional experience failed to do so.
While they thought they looked fine outwardly, inwardly their limbic system was
just as aroused as without suppression, and in some cases, even more aroused.
Kevin Ochsner, at Columbia, repeated these findings using an fMRI. Trying not
to feel something doesn’t work, and in some cases even backfires.
But labeling, on the other
hand, makes a big difference.
To reduce arousal, you need to use just a few words
to describe an emotion, and ideally use symbolic language, which means using
indirect metaphors, metrics, and simplifications of your experience. This
requires you to activate your prefrontal cortex, which reduces the arousal in
the limbic system. Here’s the bottom line: describe an emotion in just a word
or two, and it helps reduce the emotion.
Ancient methods were way ahead of us on
this one. Meditation has
employed this for centuries. Labeling is a fundamental tool of mindfulness.
In fact, labeling affects the brain so
powerfully it works with other people too. Labeling emotions is one of the
primary tools used by FBI hostage negotiators.
(To learn more of the secrets of FBI
hostage negotiators, click here.)
Okay, hopefully you’re not reading this
and labeling your current emotional state as “Bored.” Maybe you’re not feeling awful but you
probably have things going on in your life that are causing you some
stress. Here’s a simple way to beat them…
3) Make That Decision
Ever make a decision and then your brain
finally feels at rest? That’s no random occurrence.
Brain science shows that making
decisions reduces worry and anxiety — as well as helping you solve
problems.
Making decisions
includes creating intentions and setting goals — all three are part of the same
neural circuitry and engage the prefrontal cortex in a positive way, reducing
worry and anxiety. Making decisions also helps overcome striatum activity,
which usually pulls you toward negative impulses and routines. Finally, making
decisions changes your perception of the world — finding solutions to your
problems and calming the limbic system.
But deciding can be hard. I
agree. So what kind of decisions should you make? Neuroscience has an
answer…
Make a “good enough” decision. Don’t sweat making the absolute 100% best
decision. We all know being a perfectionist can be stressful. And brain studies
back this up.
Trying to be perfect overwhelms your
brain with emotions and makes you feel out of control.
Trying for the
best, instead of good enough, brings too much emotional ventromedial prefrontal
activity into the decision-making process. In contrast, recognizing that good
enough is good enough activates more dorsolateral prefrontal areas, which helps
you feel more in control…
As Swarthmore professor Barry Schwartz said in my interview
with him: “Good enough is almost always good enough.”
So when you make a decision, your brain
feels you have control. And, as I’ve talked about before, a feeling of control reduces stress.
But here’s what’s really fascinating: Deciding also boosts pleasure.
Actively
choosing caused changes in attention circuits and in how the participants felt
about the action, and it increased rewarding dopamine activity.
Want proof? No problem. Let’s talk about
cocaine.
You give 2 rats injections of cocaine.
Rat A had to pull a lever first. Rat B didn’t have to do anything. Any
difference? Yup: rat A gets a bigger boost of dopamine.
So they both got
the same injections of cocaine at the same time, but rat A had to actively
press the lever, and rat B didn’t have to do anything. And you guessed it — rat
A released more dopamine in its nucleus accumbens.
So what’s the lesson here? Next time you
buy cocaine… whoops, wrong lesson. Point is, when you make a decision on a
goal and then achieve it, you feel better than when good stuff just happens by
chance.
And this answers the eternal mystery of why dragging your butt to the gym
can be so hard.
If you go because you feel you have to or
you should,
well, it’s not really a voluntary decision. Your brain doesn’t get the pleasure
boost. It just feels stress. And that’s no way to build a good exercise habit.
Interestingly,
if they are forced to exercise, they don’t get the same benefits, because
without choice, the exercise itself is a source of stress.
We don’t just
choose the things we like; we also like the things we choose.
(To learn what neuroscientists say
is the best way to use caffeine, click here.)
Okay, you’re being grateful, labeling
negative emotions and making more decisions. Great. But this is feeling kinda
lonely for a happiness prescription. Let’s get some other people in here.
What’s something you can do with others
that neuroscience says is a path to mucho happiness? And something that’s
stupidly simple so you don’t get lazy and skip it? Brain docs have an
answer for you…
4) Touch People
No, not indiscriminately; that can get
you in a lot of trouble.
But we need to feel love and acceptance
from others. When we don’t it’s painful. And I don’t mean “awkward” or
“disappointing.” I mean actually painful.
Neuroscientists did a study where people
played a ball-tossing video game. The other players tossed the ball to you and
you tossed it back to them. Actually, there were no other players; that was all
done by the computer program.
But the subjects were told the
characters were controlled by real people. So what happened when the “other
players” stopped playing nice and didn’t share the ball?
Subjects’ brains responded the same way as if they experienced physical pain.
Rejection doesn’t just hurt like a broken heart; your brain feels it like
a broken leg.
In fact, as
demonstrated in an fMRI experiment, social exclusion activates the same
circuitry as physical pain… at one point they stopped sharing, only throwing
back and forth to each other, ignoring the participant. This small change was
enough to elicit feelings of social exclusion, and it activated the anterior
cingulate and insula, just like physical pain would.
Relationships are very important
to your brain’s feeling of happiness. Want to take that to the next
level? Touch people.
One of the
primary ways to release oxytocin is through touching. Obviously, it’s not
always appropriate to touch most people, but small touches like handshakes and
pats on the back are usually okay. For people you’re close with, make more of
an effort to touch more often.
Touching someone you love actually
reduces pain. In fact, when studies were done on married couples, the stronger
the marriage, the more powerful the effect.
In addition,
holding hands with someone can help comfort you and your brain through painful
situations. One fMRI study scanned married women as they were warned that they
were about to get a small electric shock. While anticipating the painful
shocks, the brain showed a predictable pattern of response in pain and worrying
circuits, with activation in the insula, anterior cingulate, and dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex. During a separate scan, the women either held their
husbands’ hands or the hand of the experimenter. When a subject held her
husband’s hand, the threat of shock had a smaller effect. The brain showed
reduced activation in both the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex— that is, less activity in the pain and worrying circuits. In
addition, the stronger the marriage, the lower the discomfort-related insula
activity.
So hug someone today. And do not accept
little, quick hugs. No, no, no. Tell them your neuroscientist
recommended long hugs.
A hug,
especially a long one, releases a neurotransmitter and hormone oxytocin, which
reduces the reactivity of the amygdala.
Don’t have anyone to hug right now?
No? (I’m sorry to hear that. I would give you a hug right now if I could.) But
there’s an answer: neuroscience says you should go get a massage.
The results are
fairly clear that massage boosts your serotonin by as much as 30 percent.
Massage also decreases stress hormones and raises dopamine levels, which helps
you create new good habits… Massage reduces pain because the oxytocin
system activates painkilling endorphins. Massage also improves sleep and
reduces fatigue by increasing serotonin and dopamine and decreasing the stress
hormone cortisol.
So spend time with other people and give
some hugs. Sorry, texting is not enough.
When you put people in a stressful
situation and then let them visit loved ones or talk to them on the phone, they
felt better. What about when they just texted? Their bodies responded the
same as if they had no support at all.
…the
text-message group had cortisol and oxytocin levels similar to the no-contact
group.
Author’s note: I totally approve
of texting if you make a hug appointment.
(To learn what neuroscience says is the
best way to get smarter and happier, click here.)
Okay, I don’t want to strain your brain
with too much info. Let’s round it up and learn the quickest and easiest way
to start that upward spiral of neuroscience-inspired happiness…
Sum Up
Here’s what brain research says
will make you happy:
·
Ask
“What am I grateful for?” No answers?
Doesn’t matter. Just searching helps.
·
Label
those negative emotions. Give it a name
and your brain isn’t so bothered by it.
·
Decide. Go for “good enough” instead of “best decision ever made on
Earth.”
·
Hugs,
hugs, hugs. Don’t text — touch.
So what’s the dead simple way to start that upward spiral of happiness?
Just send someone a thank you email. If you feel awkward about
it, you can send them this post to tell them why.
This really can start an upward spiral
of happiness in your life. UCLA neuroscience researcher Alex Korb explains:
Everything is
interconnected. Gratitude improves sleep. Sleep reduces pain. Reduced pain
improves your mood. Improved mood reduces anxiety, which improves focus and
planning. Focus and planning help with decision making. Decision making further
reduces anxiety and improves enjoyment. Enjoyment gives you more to be grateful
for, which keeps that loop of the upward spiral going. Enjoyment also makes it
more likely you’ll exercise and be social, which, in turn, will make you
happier.
So thank you for reading this.
This article appeared on https://www.theladders.com/career-advice/neuroscience-4-rituals-happy